1. Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)

What is it? A respiratory virus from the Paramyxoviridae family. Symptoms are similar to influenza/RSV; at risk are infants, the elderly, and people with comorbidities.

Why important now? A surge of cases in East Asia in late 2024–early 2025 triggered regional vigilance; Indonesia is strengthening ILI/SARI monitoring to detect potential importation.

Actions & prevention: respiratory hygiene protocols, isolation of symptomatic patients, protection of vulnerable groups, and preparedness of respiratory care facilities.

Warning signs: shortness of breath, low oxygen saturation, decreased consciousness — urgent referral to health facility.

2. Nipah Virus (NiV)

What is it? A zoonotic virus (main reservoir: fruit bats). Human infection can be progressive and fatal; spillover & human-to-human transmission have occurred in several countries.

Status 2025: Recurrent cases reported in India (Kerala) — regional health authorities have raised vigilance.

Practical prevention: avoid products possibly contaminated by bats (e.g. raw palm sap), ensure farm biosecurity, PPE for workers in contact with sick animals.

Warning signs: high fever with neurological symptoms (confusion, seizures, reduced consciousness) → immediate referral.

3. Avian Influenza (H5Nx / H5N1)

What is it? Influenza type A virus causing outbreaks in poultry—sometimes spreading to mammals or humans, with high severity potential.

Why vigilance? HPAI activity in animal populations is rising worldwide; potential mutations and adaptations pose a spillover threat.

Actions: tighten animal surveillance, vaccinate poultry in risk zones, ban imports/sick animals, and strengthen One Health coordination.

4. Mpox (Monkeypox)

What is it? A viral disease causing characteristic rash; global spread since 2022–2023 remains under monitoring in 2025.

Prevention: education on safe behavior, early detection of skin lesions, contact tracing, and targeted vaccination for at-risk groups.

5. Leptospirosis

What is it? A bacterial disease (Leptospira) spread through animal urine (mainly rats). Not a virus, but “emerges” after major flooding.

Relevance 2025: Flood events in several cities increased leptospirosis outbreak risk; focus on environmental mitigation and community education.

Prevention: avoid contact with floodwater without protective equipment; cover open wounds; improve sanitation; access to clean water.

6. Measles — Re-emerging

Status: Although an old disease, in 2025 some regions reported outbreaks and child deaths due to suboptimal immunization coverage.

Actions: Outbreak Response Immunisation (ORI) and campaigns to increase MR (Measles-Rubella) coverage for vulnerable age groups.